Impact of pre-sleep habits on adolescent sleep: an Italian population-based study

Objective: Several evidences demonstrate that pre-sleep habits may negatively impact adolescent sleep, yet few data exist on Italian population. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pre-sleep habits, use of technology/activity and sleep in Italian adolescents. Methods: Self-report questionnaires including Italian version of School Sleep Habits Survey and use of technology/activity (eg smartphone, PC) at bedtime were administered to 972 adolescents (13–19 years) from Lombardia. We stratified the sample in five groups according to the age: Group I (13–14 years), Group II (15 years), Group III (16 years), Group IV (17 years), Group V (18–19 years). Results: Our descriptive analysis reveals a different sleep profile across age-groups: Group III showed highest percentage of bad sleep (26.7%) and frequent nocturnal awakenings (24.1%), Group V had the highest percentage of insufficient sleep (40,4%) and difficulty falling asleep (42.7%) and Group IV presented an elevated difficulty in waking up in the morning (70.1%). A significant negative correlation was found in total group between use of smartphone, internet and studying/doing homework and total sleep time. The use of smartphone, internet videogames, listening to music and studying/doing homework was positively associated with delayed bedtime. Conclusions: This study confirms the great impact of pre-sleep habits, and in particular the use of technology on adolescent sleep. Our results demonstrate that sleep is strongly altered among Italian adolescents using electronic devices in evening. The type of technology may be related to specific sleep profile, emphasizing the importance of stratification analyses to identify associated factors to sleep problems.