In hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) gene therapy (GT), insertional mutagenesis may result in oncogene activation, increasing the risk of leukemia in patients. Moreover, hBRAFV600E-expressing human HSPCs transplanted into immune-deficient mice, even in small numbers, induce lethal bone marrow (BM) failure. This aggressive phenotype is due to the engagement of senescence, characterized by cell cycle blockade and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, affecting also non-mutated bystander cells. Thus, it is fundamental to describe oncogene activation in HSPCs, since it poses risks before the malignant transformation. To investigate the fate of senescent cells in the presence or absence of an active immune system, we transplanted NSG or immune-competent (WT) mice with mouse (m) HSPCs transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing mBrafV600E, an N-truncated version (mBraf-trunc), or GFP as control. In NSG recipients, mBraf-trunc and mBrafV600E expression caused dose-dependent lethality and reduced cellularity, the latter resulting in a more aggressive phenotype. As opposed to the humanized model, only mBrafV600E-lymphoid cells were impaired, but not bystander cells. Transcriptional profiling showed upregulated cell cycle inhibitor genes Cdkn2d and Cdk2ap2, not Cdkn2a or Cdkn1a. Hallmarks upregulated were TNFα signaling, oxidative stress pathways, and apoptosis. Downregulated processes were ribosome biogenesis, interferon signaling, and innate (MHC class II) and adaptive immune response. Instead, in WT recipients, we observed reduced lethality (only 60%) and complete clearance of oncogene-expressing cells in the surviving mBrafV600E mice, suggesting that the immunological competence of recipients promotes a more efficient clearance of senescent cells. Transcriptional analysis showed similar immune suppression to NSG, but upregulated hallmarks were related to cell cycle, G2/M checkpoint, E2F targets, DNA replication, and repair processes in B cells. This suggests that B cells are potentially escaping senescence and returning to the cell cycle. This study aspires to identify species-specific or universal biomarkers for pre-clinical and clinical GT studies and to recognize factors determining the resilience/clearance of senescent cells, suggesting strategies for their elimination.
Nella terapia genica (GT) delle cellule staminali e progenitrici ematopoietiche (HSPC), la mutagenesi inserzionale può portare all'attivazione dell'oncogene, aumentando il rischio di leucemia nei pazienti. Inoltre, le HSPC umane che esprimono hBRAFV600E, se trapiantate in topi immunodepressi, inducono un fallimento letale del midollo osseo (BM) anche in piccole quantità. Questo fenotipo aggressivo è dovuto all'attivazione della senescenza, caratterizzata da un blocco del ciclo cellulare e da un fenotipo secretorio associato alla senescenza, che colpisce anche le cellule bystander non mutate. Pertanto, è fondamentale analizzare l'attivazione dell'oncogene nelle HSPC, in quanto rappresenta un rischio che precede la trasformazione maligna. Per studiare il destino delle cellule senescenti in presenza o in assenza di un sistema immunitario attivo, abbiamo trapiantato topi NSG o immunocompetenti (WT) con HSPC di topo (m) trasdotte con vettori lentivirali che esprimono mBrafV600E, una versione troncata all'N-terminale (mBraf-trunc), o GFP come controllo. Nei topi recipienti NSG, l'espressione di mBraf-trunc e mBrafV600E ha causato una letalità dose-dipendente e una ridotta cellularità, quest'ultima risultante in un fenotipo più aggressivo. A differenza del modello umanizzato, solo le cellule linfoidi esprimenti mBrafV600E sono risultate compromesse, ma non le cellule bystander. Analisi trascrizionali hanno mostrato l'aumento di espressione dei geni inibitori del ciclo cellulare Cdkn2d e Cdk2ap2, ma non Cdkn2a o Cdkn1a. Gli hallmarks di cui è aumentata l'espressione sono stati il TNFα signaling, le vie dello stress ossidativo e l'apoptosi. I processi downregolati sono stati la biogenesi dei ribosomi, la segnalazione dell'interferone e la risposta immunitaria innata (MHC di classe II) e adattativa. Invece, nei topi recipienti WT, abbiamo osservato una ridotta letalità (solo il 60%) e una completa eliminazione delle cellule che esprimono l'oncogene nei topi mBrafV600E sopravvissuti, suggerendo che la competenza immunologica dei riceventi promuove una più efficiente eliminazione delle cellule senescenti. L'analisi trascrizionale ha mostrato una soppressione immunitaria simile a quella avvenuta negli NSG, ma gli hallmarks espressi erano legati alla regolazione del ciclo cellulare, al checkpoint G2/M, ai bersagli di E2F, alla replicazione del DNA e ai processi di riparazione nelle cellule B. Questo suggerisce che le cellule B stanno potenzialmente sfuggendo alla senescenza e tornano al ciclo cellulare. Questo studio aspira a identificare biomarcatori specie-specifici o universali per studi GT preclinici e clinici e a riconoscere i fattori che determinano la resilienza/cancellazione delle cellule senescenti, suggerendo strategie per la loro eliminazione.
Dissecting the non-cell autonomous effects of oncogene activation on hematopoiesis / Cristina Colleoni , 2023 Jan 18. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.
Dissecting the non-cell autonomous effects of oncogene activation on hematopoiesis
COLLEONI, CRISTINA
2023-01-18
Abstract
In hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) gene therapy (GT), insertional mutagenesis may result in oncogene activation, increasing the risk of leukemia in patients. Moreover, hBRAFV600E-expressing human HSPCs transplanted into immune-deficient mice, even in small numbers, induce lethal bone marrow (BM) failure. This aggressive phenotype is due to the engagement of senescence, characterized by cell cycle blockade and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, affecting also non-mutated bystander cells. Thus, it is fundamental to describe oncogene activation in HSPCs, since it poses risks before the malignant transformation. To investigate the fate of senescent cells in the presence or absence of an active immune system, we transplanted NSG or immune-competent (WT) mice with mouse (m) HSPCs transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing mBrafV600E, an N-truncated version (mBraf-trunc), or GFP as control. In NSG recipients, mBraf-trunc and mBrafV600E expression caused dose-dependent lethality and reduced cellularity, the latter resulting in a more aggressive phenotype. As opposed to the humanized model, only mBrafV600E-lymphoid cells were impaired, but not bystander cells. Transcriptional profiling showed upregulated cell cycle inhibitor genes Cdkn2d and Cdk2ap2, not Cdkn2a or Cdkn1a. Hallmarks upregulated were TNFα signaling, oxidative stress pathways, and apoptosis. Downregulated processes were ribosome biogenesis, interferon signaling, and innate (MHC class II) and adaptive immune response. Instead, in WT recipients, we observed reduced lethality (only 60%) and complete clearance of oncogene-expressing cells in the surviving mBrafV600E mice, suggesting that the immunological competence of recipients promotes a more efficient clearance of senescent cells. Transcriptional analysis showed similar immune suppression to NSG, but upregulated hallmarks were related to cell cycle, G2/M checkpoint, E2F targets, DNA replication, and repair processes in B cells. This suggests that B cells are potentially escaping senescence and returning to the cell cycle. This study aspires to identify species-specific or universal biomarkers for pre-clinical and clinical GT studies and to recognize factors determining the resilience/clearance of senescent cells, suggesting strategies for their elimination.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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