Radiomics and gene expression profile to characterise the disease and predict outcome in patients with lung cancer

Objective The objectives of our study were to assess the association of radiomic and genomic data with histology and patient outcome in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods In this retrospective single-centre observational study, we selected 151 surgically treated patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma who performed baseline [18F] FDG PET/CT. A subgroup of patients with cancer tissue samples at the Institutional Biobank (n = 74/151) was included in the genomic analysis. Features were extracted from both PET and CT images using an in-house tool. The genomic analysis included detection of genetic variants, fusion transcripts, and gene expression. Generalised linear model (GLM) and machine learning (ML) algorithms were used to predict histology and tumour recurrence. Results Standardised uptake value (SUV) and kurtosis (among the PET and CT radiomic features, respectively), and the expression of TP63, EPHA10, FBN2, and IL1RAP were associated with the histotype. No correlation was found between radiomic features/genomic data and relapse using GLM. The ML approach identified several radiomic/genomic rules to predict the histotype successfully. The ML approach showed a modest ability of PET radiomic features to predict relapse, while it identified a robust gene expression signature able to predict patient relapse correctly. The best-performing ML radiogenomic rule predicting the outcome resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87. Conclusions Radiogenomic data may provide clinically relevant information in NSCLC patients regarding the histotype, aggressiveness, and progression. Gene expression analysis showed potential new biomarkers and targets valuable for patient management and treatment. The application of ML allows to increase the efficacy of radiogenomic analysis and provides novel insights into cancer biology.