Background: One out of ten newly diagnosed patients in Europe was infected with a virus carrying a drug resistant mutation. We analysed the patterns over time for transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) using data from the European Spread program.Methods: Clinical, epidemiological and virological data from 4317 patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection between 2002 and 2007 were analysed. Patients were enrolled using a pre-defined sampling strategy.Results: The overall prevalence of TDRM in this period was 8.9% (95% CI: 8.1-9.8). Interestingly, significant changes over time in TDRM caused by the different drug classes were found. Whereas nucleoside resistance mutations remained constant at 5%, a significant decline in protease inhibitors resistance mutations was observed, from 3.9% in 2002 to 1.6% in 2007 (p = 0.001). In contrast, resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) doubled from 2.0% in 2002 to 4.1% in 2007 (p = 0.004) with 58% of viral strains carrying a K103N mutation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these temporal changes could not be explained by large clusters of TDRM.Conclusion: During the years 2002 to 2007 transmitted resistance to NNRTI has doubled to 4% in Europe. The frequent use of NNRTI in first-line regimens and the clinical impact of NNRTI mutations warrants continued monitoring. © 2014 Frentz et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Increase in transmitted resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors among newly diagnosed HIV-1 infections in Europe / Frentz, D., Van de Vijver, D.A.M.C., Abecasis, A.B., Albert, J., Hamouda, O., Jorgensen, L.B., Kucherer, C., Struck, D., Schmit, J.-C., Vercauteren, J., Asjo, B., Balotta, C., Beshkov, D., Camacho, R.J., Clotet, B., Coughlan, S., Griskevicius, A., Grossman, Z., Horban, A., Kolupajeva, T., et al.. - In: BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES. - ISSN 1471-2334. - 14:1(2014). [10.1186/1471-2334-14-407]
Increase in transmitted resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors among newly diagnosed HIV-1 infections in Europe
Frentz D.; Van de Vijver D. A. M. C.; Abecasis A. B.; Albert J.; Hamouda O.; Jorgensen L. B.; Kucherer C.; Struck D.; Schmit J. -C.; Vercauteren J.; Asjo B.; Balotta C.; Beshkov D.; Camacho R. J.; Clotet B.; Coughlan S.; Griskevicius A.; Grossman Z.; Horban A.; Kolupajeva T.; Korn K.; Kostrikis L. G.; Liitsola K.; Linka M.; Nielsen C.; Otelea D.; Paraskevis D.; Paredes R.; Poljak M.; Puchhammer-Stockl E.; Sonnerborg A.; Stanekova D.; Stanojevic M.; Van Wijngaerden E.; Wensing A. M. J.; Boucher C. A. B.; Sarcletti M.; Schmied B.; Geit M.; Balluch G.; Vandamme A. -M.; Vercauteren J.; Derdelinckx I.; Sasse A.; Bogaert M.; Ceunen H.; De Roo A.; De Wit S.; Echahidi F.; Fransen K.; Goffard J. -C.; Goubau P.; Goudeseune E.; Yombi J. -C.; Lacor P.; Liesnard C.; Moutschen M.; Pierard D.; Rens R.; Schrooten Y.; Vaira D.; Vandekerckhove L. P. R.; Van den Heuvel A.; Van Der Gucht B.; Van Ranst M.; Vandercam B.; Vekemans M.; Verhofstede C.; Clumeck N.; Van Laethem K.; Demetriades I.; Kousiappa I.; Demetriou V.; Hezka J.; Bruckova M.; Machala L.; Jorgensen L. B.; Gerstoft J.; Mathiesen L.; Pedersen C.; Nielsen H.; Laursen A.; Kvinesdal B.; Salminen M.; Ristola M.; Suni J.; Sutinen J.; Kucherer C.; Berg T.; Braun P.; Poggensee G.; Daumer M.; Eberle J.; Heiken H.; Kaiser R.; Knechten H.; Muller H.; Neifer S.; Schmidt B.; Walter H.; Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B.; Harrer T.; Hatzakis A.; Magiorkinis E.; Hatzitheodorou E.; Haida C.; Zavitsanou A.; Magiorkinis G.; Lazanas M.; Chini M.; Magafas N.; Tsogas N.; Paparizos V.; Kourkounti S.; Antoniadou A.; Papadopoulos A.; Panagopoulos P.; Poulakou G.; Sakka V.; Chryssos G.; Drimis S.; Gargalianos P.; Lelekis M.; Chilomenos G.; Psichogiou M.; Daikos G.; Panos G.; Haratsis G.; Kordossis T.; Kontos A.; Koratzanis G.; Theodoridou M.; Mostrou G.; Spoulou V.; De Gascun C.; Byrne C.; Duffy M.; Bergin C.; Reidy D.; Farrell G.; Lambert J.; O'Connor E.; Rochford A.; Low J.; Coakely P.; O'Dea S.; Hall W.; Levi I.; Chemtob D.; Balotta C.; Riva C.; Mussini C.; Caramma I.; Capetti A.; Colombo M.; Rossi C.; Prati F.; Tramuto F.; Vitale F.; Ciccozzi M.; Angarano G.; Rezza G. ;Schmit J.; Struck D.; Hemmer R.; Arendt V.; Staub T.; Schneider F.; Roman F.; van Kessel A.; van Bentum P. H. M.; Brinkman K.; op de Coul E. L.; van der Ende M. E.; Hoepelman I. M.; van Kasteren M.; Juttmann J.; Kuipers M.; Langebeek N.; Richter C.; Santegoets R.; Schrijnders-Gudde L.; Schuurman R.; van de Ven B. J. M.; Asjo B.; Ormaasen V.; Aavitsland P.; Stanczak J. J.; Stanczak G. P.; Firlag-Burkacka E.; Wiercinska-Drapalo A.; Jablonowska E.; Malolepsza E.; Leszczyszyn-Pynka M.; Szata W.; Palma C.; Borges F.; Paixao T.; Duque V.; Araujo F.; Jevtovic D.; Salemovic D.; Habekova M.; Mokras M.; Truska P.; Lunar M.; Babic D.; Tomazic J.; Vidmar L.; Vovko T.; Karner P.; Domingo P.; Galindo M. J.; Miralles C.; del Pozo M. A.; Ribera E.; Iribarren J. A.; Ruiz L.; de la Torre J.; Vidal F.; Garcia F.; Heidarian A.; Aperia-Peipke K.; Axelsson M.; Mild M.; Karlsson A.; Thalme A.; Naver L.; Bratt G.; Karlsson A.; Blaxhult A.; Gisslen M.; Svennerholm B.; Bergbrant I.; Bjorkman P.; Sall C.; Mellgren A.; Lindholm A.; Kuylenstierna N.; Montelius R.; Azimi F.; Johansson B.; Carlsson M.; Johansson E.; Ljungberg B.; Ekvall H.; Strand A.; Makitalo S.; Oberg S.; Holmblad P.; Hofer M.; Holmberg H.; Josefson P.; Ryding U.
2014-01-01
Abstract
Background: One out of ten newly diagnosed patients in Europe was infected with a virus carrying a drug resistant mutation. We analysed the patterns over time for transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) using data from the European Spread program.Methods: Clinical, epidemiological and virological data from 4317 patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection between 2002 and 2007 were analysed. Patients were enrolled using a pre-defined sampling strategy.Results: The overall prevalence of TDRM in this period was 8.9% (95% CI: 8.1-9.8). Interestingly, significant changes over time in TDRM caused by the different drug classes were found. Whereas nucleoside resistance mutations remained constant at 5%, a significant decline in protease inhibitors resistance mutations was observed, from 3.9% in 2002 to 1.6% in 2007 (p = 0.001). In contrast, resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) doubled from 2.0% in 2002 to 4.1% in 2007 (p = 0.004) with 58% of viral strains carrying a K103N mutation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these temporal changes could not be explained by large clusters of TDRM.Conclusion: During the years 2002 to 2007 transmitted resistance to NNRTI has doubled to 4% in Europe. The frequent use of NNRTI in first-line regimens and the clinical impact of NNRTI mutations warrants continued monitoring. © 2014 Frentz et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
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