Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma: new horizons and prospects for our patients

Introduction: In recent years, significant progress has been made in treatment strategies for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a highly heterogeneous patient population requiring tailored therapies based on tumor characteristics. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of treatment approaches for intermediate-stage HCC, highlighting the evolution of treatment options over time. While chemoembolization remains the standard therapy for many patients, it has advanced to include combinations with systemic therapies, known as combination therapy, which is becoming the new standard of care for this group. Conclusion: Based on our clinical and research experience, combination therapy is increasingly recognized as the preferred first-line treatment for intermediate-stage HCC patients. This approach allows most patients to be candidates for subsequent curative-intent treatments, while a smaller number will require palliative care.