Main barrier to a sterilizing cure is the early establishment of a stable reservoir of HIV infected cells. Starting ART during acute infection supports immunological recovery, reduces the size of the HIV reservoir, and enhances the likelihood of post-treatment viral control. Several mechanisms contribute to maintenance of reservoir; the deregulation of BACH2 and STAT5B expression was shown to contribute to HIV persistence in regulatory T cells. On the other hand, myeloid cells have been described as reservoirs of HIV. We aimed to characterize acute and chronic HIV infection from an immunological perspective, describe the size and replication competence of the reservoir, and characterize the integration profile of HIV-1 in the context of the PERSHIST and in the IMMUNERaRe studies. Adult people living with HIV (PLWH) treated either in chronic infection (CHI) with history of ART higher than 15 years or 5 years or in acute infection (AHI) were included in the PERSHSIT study, while in the IMMUNERaRe study only PWLH who started ART in AHI were included. Cytofluorimetric analysis was used to assess the relative composition of myeloid and lymphocytic cell subpopulations. Intact proviral DNA assay was used to quantify and distinguish deleted proviruses from intact proviruses. Chimeric transcripts were retrieved by RT-PCR, while integration sites by Sonicated Linker Mediated-PCR. Comparisons among groups were performed by nonparametric tests. We enrolled 28 PLWH in PERSHIST study and 89 in IMMUNERaRe study. We found similar relative composition of conventional and non-conventional T-regulatory cells and of myeloid compartments with regulatory functions, also when compated to healthy controls. IPDA revealed a greater amount of intact DNA in PLWH who started ART in CHI (PERSHIST participants), as compared to AHI (IMMUNERaRe participants). BACH2 and, even more, STAT5B were confirmed to be culprit of integration. We identified specific HLA-KIR interactions associated with immunological control in PWH starting ART during PHI. Our work enhances the understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying HIV persistence and immunological control in PLWH. The enrichment of activating KIR in RR suggests a role for NK cell-mediated responses in immune recovery.
La principale barriera a una cura sterilizzante è la precoce instaurazione di un serbatoio stabile di cellule infettate da HIV. L’inizio precoce della terapia antiretrovirale (ART) durante l’infezione acuta favorisce il recupero immunologico, riduce la dimensione del serbatoio virale e aumenta la probabilità di controllo virale post-trattamento. Diversi meccanismi contribuiscono al mantenimento del reservoir; la disregolazione dell’espressione di BACH2 e STAT5B è stata associata alla persistenza di HIV nelle cellule T regolatorie. D’altra parte, le cellule mieloidi sono state descritte come potenziali serbatoi dell’infezione. Gli obiettivi di questo studio erano caratterizzare l’infezione da HIV nelle fasi acute e croniche dal punto di vista immunologico, descrivere la dimensione e la competenza replicativa del reservoir, e caratterizzare i profili di integrazione di HIV-1 nell’ambito degli studi PERSHIST e IMMUNERaRe. Lo studio PERSHIST ha incluso persone adulte con HIV (PLWH) trattate durante l’infezione cronica, con una storia di ART superiore a 15 anni o 5 anni o trattate in fase di infezione acuta. Nello studio IMMUNERaRe, invece, sono stati inclusi solo PLWH che avevano iniziato la ART durante l’AHI. L’analisi citofluorimetrica è stata utilizzata per valutare la composizione relativa delle sottopopolazioni linfocitarie e mieloidi specifiche. L’Intact Proviral DNA Assay è stato impiegato per quantificare e distinguere i provirus deleti da quelli intatti. I trascritti chimerici sono stati rilevati mediante RT-PCR, mentre i siti di integrazione sono stati analizzati tramite Sonicated Linker Mediated-PCR. Le comparazioni tra i gruppi sono state effettuate con test non parametrici. Abbiamo arruolato 28 persone con HIV nello studio PERSHIST e 89 nello studio IMMUNERaRe. Abbiamo riscontrato una composizione relativa simile delle cellule T-regolatorie convenzionali e non convenzionali e delle compartimentazioni mieloidi con funzioni regolatorie, anche rispetto ai controlli sani. L'IPDA ha rivelato una maggiore quantità di DNA intatto nelle persone con HIV che hanno iniziato la ART in fase cronica (partecipanti a PERSHIST), rispetto a quelle in fase acuta (partecipanti a IMMUNERaRe). BACH2 e, ancora di più, STAT5B sono stati confermati come responsabili dell'integrazione. Abbiamo identificato specifiche interazioni HLA-KIR associate al controllo immunologico in PWH che hanno iniziato ART durante la PHI. Il nostro lavoro migliora la comprensione dei complessi meccanismi alla base della persistenza dell’HIV e del controllo immunologico in PLWH. L’arricchimento di KIR attivanti nei RR suggerisce un ruolo delle risposte mediate dalle cellule NK nel recupero immunologico.
Indagare i meccanismi molecolari e immunologici alla base della persistenza dell'HIV / Elena Bruzzesi , 2025 May 06. 37. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2023/2024.
Indagare i meccanismi molecolari e immunologici alla base della persistenza dell'HIV
BRUZZESI, ELENA
2025-05-06
Abstract
Main barrier to a sterilizing cure is the early establishment of a stable reservoir of HIV infected cells. Starting ART during acute infection supports immunological recovery, reduces the size of the HIV reservoir, and enhances the likelihood of post-treatment viral control. Several mechanisms contribute to maintenance of reservoir; the deregulation of BACH2 and STAT5B expression was shown to contribute to HIV persistence in regulatory T cells. On the other hand, myeloid cells have been described as reservoirs of HIV. We aimed to characterize acute and chronic HIV infection from an immunological perspective, describe the size and replication competence of the reservoir, and characterize the integration profile of HIV-1 in the context of the PERSHIST and in the IMMUNERaRe studies. Adult people living with HIV (PLWH) treated either in chronic infection (CHI) with history of ART higher than 15 years or 5 years or in acute infection (AHI) were included in the PERSHSIT study, while in the IMMUNERaRe study only PWLH who started ART in AHI were included. Cytofluorimetric analysis was used to assess the relative composition of myeloid and lymphocytic cell subpopulations. Intact proviral DNA assay was used to quantify and distinguish deleted proviruses from intact proviruses. Chimeric transcripts were retrieved by RT-PCR, while integration sites by Sonicated Linker Mediated-PCR. Comparisons among groups were performed by nonparametric tests. We enrolled 28 PLWH in PERSHIST study and 89 in IMMUNERaRe study. We found similar relative composition of conventional and non-conventional T-regulatory cells and of myeloid compartments with regulatory functions, also when compated to healthy controls. IPDA revealed a greater amount of intact DNA in PLWH who started ART in CHI (PERSHIST participants), as compared to AHI (IMMUNERaRe participants). BACH2 and, even more, STAT5B were confirmed to be culprit of integration. We identified specific HLA-KIR interactions associated with immunological control in PWH starting ART during PHI. Our work enhances the understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying HIV persistence and immunological control in PLWH. The enrichment of activating KIR in RR suggests a role for NK cell-mediated responses in immune recovery.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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