Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a rare genetic infant disease affecting osteoclast resorptive functionality. Most ARO patients present mutation in the TCIRG1 gene, which accounts for approximately 50% of cases. This results in bone marrow (BM) failure, increased circulating CD34+ cells and premature death. Lack of BM niche causes extramedullary haematopoiesis, hepatosplenomegaly and progressive pancytopenia leading to increased infection susceptibility. To date, the only therapeutic option available to treat ARO patients is the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, but its success is limited, mainly due to the severity of the disease and the toxicity of the conditioning regimen used. In this disease, niche fibrosis poses major hurdles to the feasibility of HSPC mobilization and efficacy of novel conditioning regimen, and no data have been reported in literature so far. The oc/oc mutant mouse, well recapitulating the disease severity, represents a suitable model to test feasibility and efficacy of plerixafor-based HSC mobilization, along with novel conditioning-based biological compounds using CD45-SAP and cKit-SAP. In the meanwhile, gene therapy (GT) represents an alternative therapeutic option because it has the potential for fewer post-HSCT complications. However, its success might be constrained by the lack of BM niche and HSCs, which are very rare within the BM and are virtually absent in ARO BM. To overcome these limitations, we optimized a novel GT platform coupling lentiviral transduction with ex-vivo HSC expansion to reduce complications associated with HSC transplantation and to maximize the chance of infusing a saturating dose of gene-corrected hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) into oc/oc mice and ARO patients. To complement the clinical translation of this novel GT approach, we dissected the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of CD34+ cells spontaneously circulating in ARO patients in high numbers and frequency and evaluated to which extent inflammation and repeated infections occurring in patients modulate their stemness and quiescence. Our research provides definitive evidence that plerixafor-based HSC mobilization, combined with novel conditioning-based biological compounds, offers effective alternative methods to obtain an adequate cell source and safer conditioning for autologous transplantation in ARO. Our combined expansion and transduction protocols represent an effective GT approach for osteopetrosis, rescuing both the severe phenotype of oc/oc murine model and the osteoclast functionality of differentiated ARO CD34+ cells.
L’osteopetrosi autosomica recessiva (ARO) è una rara malattia genetica infantile che compromette il riassorbimento osseo. La maggior parte dei casi (circa il 50%) è causata da mutazioni nel gene TCIRG1, che portano a insufficienza midollare, aumento delle cellule CD34+ e morte precoce. L'assenza della nicchia midollare determina ematopoiesi extramidollare, epatosplenomegalia e pancitopenia, aumentando il rischio di infezioni. L'unica terapia disponibile è il trapianto di cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSC), il cui successo è influenzato dalla gravità della malattia e dagli effetti tossici del trattamento. Infatti, la fibrosi della nicchia midollare rappresenta un grande ostacolo al successo della mobilizzazione delle HSC e all'efficacia di nuovi protocolli di condizionamento non genotossico, che finora non sono stati utilizzati in questa patologia. Il modello murino oc/oc riproduce la gravità della malattia, rappresentando un modello adatto per testare la fattibilità e l'efficacia della mobilizzazione delle HSC indotta dal Plerixafor, insieme ad un protocollo di condizionamento non genotossico basato sui coniugati CD45-SAP o cKit-SAP. La terapia genica (GT) rappresenta una terapia alternativa per questa malattia poiché ha il potenziale di ridurre le complicanze del trapianto di HSCs. Tuttavia, il successo della GT potrebbe essere limitato dalla mancanza della nicchia midollare e dalla scarsa presenza di HSC nel midollo osseo dei pazienti con ARO. Per superare questi ostacoli, abbiamo ottimizzato un nuovo protocollo di terapia genica che combina la trasduzione lentivirale con l’espansione ex-vivo delle HSC, per ridurre le complicazioni associate al trapianto di HSC. Allo stesso tempo, l’espansione consente di massimizzare la dose infusa di cellule staminali e progenitrici ematopoietiche (HSPC) corrette geneticamente sia nei topi che nei pazienti con ARO. Per completare la traslazione clinica di questo nuovo approccio di terapia genica, abbiamo analizzato l'eterogeneità molecolare e cellulare delle cellule CD34+ presenti spontaneamente sia in gran numero che in frequenza nel sangue dei pazienti affetti da ARO, valutando l’impatto dell'infiammazione sulla loro capacità staminale e stato di quiescenza. La nostra ricerca fornisce evidenze che la mobilizzazione delle HSC con Plerixafor, combinata con un protocollo di condizionamento non genotossico, offra un approccio alternativo efficace e sicuro per il trapianto nella ARO. Inoltre, i nostri protocolli combinati di espansione e trasduzione rappresentano una terapia genica efficace per ARO, in grado di correggere il fenotipo severo del modello murino oc/oc e la funzionalità degli osteoclasti nelle cellule CD34+ di pazienti con ARO.
Elucidare il ruolo della nicchia midollare osteopetrotica nelle cellule staminali e progenitrici ematopoietiche e le sue implicazioni per la terapia genica / Valeria Iannello , 2026 Apr 20. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Elucidare il ruolo della nicchia midollare osteopetrotica nelle cellule staminali e progenitrici ematopoietiche e le sue implicazioni per la terapia genica.
IANNELLO, VALERIA
2026-04-20
Abstract
Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a rare genetic infant disease affecting osteoclast resorptive functionality. Most ARO patients present mutation in the TCIRG1 gene, which accounts for approximately 50% of cases. This results in bone marrow (BM) failure, increased circulating CD34+ cells and premature death. Lack of BM niche causes extramedullary haematopoiesis, hepatosplenomegaly and progressive pancytopenia leading to increased infection susceptibility. To date, the only therapeutic option available to treat ARO patients is the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, but its success is limited, mainly due to the severity of the disease and the toxicity of the conditioning regimen used. In this disease, niche fibrosis poses major hurdles to the feasibility of HSPC mobilization and efficacy of novel conditioning regimen, and no data have been reported in literature so far. The oc/oc mutant mouse, well recapitulating the disease severity, represents a suitable model to test feasibility and efficacy of plerixafor-based HSC mobilization, along with novel conditioning-based biological compounds using CD45-SAP and cKit-SAP. In the meanwhile, gene therapy (GT) represents an alternative therapeutic option because it has the potential for fewer post-HSCT complications. However, its success might be constrained by the lack of BM niche and HSCs, which are very rare within the BM and are virtually absent in ARO BM. To overcome these limitations, we optimized a novel GT platform coupling lentiviral transduction with ex-vivo HSC expansion to reduce complications associated with HSC transplantation and to maximize the chance of infusing a saturating dose of gene-corrected hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) into oc/oc mice and ARO patients. To complement the clinical translation of this novel GT approach, we dissected the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of CD34+ cells spontaneously circulating in ARO patients in high numbers and frequency and evaluated to which extent inflammation and repeated infections occurring in patients modulate their stemness and quiescence. Our research provides definitive evidence that plerixafor-based HSC mobilization, combined with novel conditioning-based biological compounds, offers effective alternative methods to obtain an adequate cell source and safer conditioning for autologous transplantation in ARO. Our combined expansion and transduction protocols represent an effective GT approach for osteopetrosis, rescuing both the severe phenotype of oc/oc murine model and the osteoclast functionality of differentiated ARO CD34+ cells.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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