miR-29a and miR-15b Modulate SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Omicron Infection in Human Lung Epithelial Cells

Host microRNAs (miRNAs) are widely proposed as innate antiviral effectors against SARS-CoV-2, yet whether they actually restrict infection in lung epithelial cells remains unresolved. Two of the most-cited candidates, miR-29a-3p and miR-15b-5p, are predicted to bind both the viral genome and key entry/trafficking factors such as Furin and ATG9A, but functional evidence is fragmented and often contradictory. Here, we put both miRNAs to the test in human Calu-3 cells infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Omicron BA.1 variants, using parallel gain- and loss-of-function strategies coupled to RT-qPCR of viral and cellular transcripts and back-titration of infectious progeny on VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. Both miRNAs transiently suppressed viral gene expression at 6 hpi, but this early dampening was followed by a marked transcript rebound at 24 hpi, especially for Omicron, with virtually no impact on total extracellular viral RNA. More strikingly, miR-15b modulation enhanced infectious virus output during Beta infection, and miR-29a overexpression boosted Omicron BA.1 infectivity, while Furin, ATG9A, AKT3, and TFEB showed only modest, condition-dependent shifts. Rather than acting as clean antiviral effectors, miR-29a and miR-15b emerge as context-dependent modulators that can paradoxically favor SARS-CoV-2 replication-a cautionary signal for miRNA-based antiviral strategies.