Endoscopic vacuum therapy versus self-expandable metal stent for treatment of anastomotic leaks < 30 mm following oncologic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy: a matched case-control study

Background: Management of anastomotic leaks after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy remains a challenge. Although intracavitary endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has shown great efficacy for large dehiscences, the optimal management of smaller leaks has not been standardized. This study aims to compare EVT versus self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) in the treatment of leaks &lt; 30&nbsp;mm in size, due to the lack of current data on this topic. Methods: Patients undergoing EVT (cases) or SEMS (controls) between May 2017 and July 2022 for anastomotic leaks &lt; 3&nbsp;cm following oncologic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy were enrolled. Controls were matched in a 1:1 ratio based on age (± 3&nbsp;years), BMI (± 3&nbsp;kg/m2) and leak size (± 4&nbsp;mm). Results: Cases (n = 22) and controls (n = 22) showed no difference in baseline characteristics and leak size, as per matching at enrollment. No differences were detected between the two groups in terms of time from surgery to endoscopic treatment (p = 0.11) or total number of procedures per patient (p = 0.05). Remarkably, the two groups showed comparable results in terms of leaks resolution (90.9% vs. 72.7%, p = 0.11). The number of procedures per patient was not significant between the two cohorts (p = 0.05). The most frequent complication in the SEMS group was migration (15.3% of procedures). Conclusion: EVT and SEMS seem to have similar efficacy outcomes in the treatment of anastomotic defects &lt; 30&nbsp;mm after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. However, larger studies are needed to corroborate these findings.